Integrasi Berpikir Kritis dalam Pendidikan Agama Kristen: Membentuk Karakter dan Moral Kristiani melalui Pendekatan Interdisipliner

Paulus Tnunay, Noh Ibrahim Boiliu

Abstract


The formation of students’ character and morality represents a central challenge for Christian Religious Education (CRE) in the context of globalization and secularization, which have led to a profound crisis of values. Integrating critical thinking into CRE is essential to help students comprehend the Christian faith reflectively and contextually. This study aims to explore the integration of critical thinking within CRE as a strategy for shaping Christian character and morality through an interdisciplinary framework. Employing a qualitative library research design, the study analyzes theological, philosophical, and pedagogical sources to construct a conceptual synthesis. The findings reveal that critical thinking serves as a vital pedagogical tool for evaluating faith doctrines, internalizing Christian moral values, and addressing ethical dilemmas with wisdom and discernment. The interdisciplinary approach highlights the dynamic interaction between reason and spirituality in faith-based learning. Conceptually, the study contributes an integrative model linking critical thinking with theological and moral formation. Practically, it provides implications for reflective learning, ethical dialogue, case-based pedagogy, and digital engagement as strategies for teachers, churches, and Christian schools to foster critical and faithful learners capable of engaging global realities.

 

Abstrak

Pembentukan karakter dan moralitas peserta didik menjadi tantangan utama Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK) di tengah arus globalisasi dan sekularisasi yang menimbulkan krisis nilai. Untuk menjawab tantangan ini, kemampuan berpikir kritis perlu diintegrasikan dalam pembelajaran PAK agar peserta didik mampu memahami iman Kristen secara reflektif dan kontekstual. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan integrasi berpikir kritis dalam PAK sebagai strategi pembentukan karakter dan moralitas Kristen melalui pendekatan interdisipliner. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka dengan analisis kualitatif terhadap sumber-sumber teologis, filosofis, dan pedagogis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berpikir kritis berperan penting sebagai sarana pedagogis dalam menilai ajaran iman, menginternalisasi nilai-nilai moral Kristen, serta menanggapi persoalan etis secara bijaksana. Pendekatan interdisipliner menegaskan perlunya sintesis antara akal budi dan spiritualitas dalam proses pembelajaran. Secara konseptual, penelitian ini memberi kontibusi integrasi berpikir kritis dalam PAK sebagai  fondasi teologis dan pedagogis bagi pembentukan karakter dan moralitas Kristiani yang transformatif di era modern. Secara praktis, penelitian ini memberi kontribusi penerapan pembelajaran reflektif, studi kasus, dialog etis, dan teknologi digital bagi guru, gereja, dan sekolah untuk menguatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis serta relevansi iman dalam konteks global.


Keywords


Pendidikan agama Kristen; berpikir kritis; karakter Kristen; moralitas; pendekatan interdisipliner; Christian religious education; critical thinking; Christian character; morality; interdisciplinary approach

References


Alister E McGrath,. 2012. Mere Apologetics: How to Help Seekers and Skeptics Find Faith. Grand Rapids: Baker Books

C.S Lewis. 2001. Mere Christianity. New York: HarperOne

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. 2018. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Dwi Maria Handayani. 2017. Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Pembentukan Karakter Siswa. Yogyakarta: Andi,

Diane F. Halpern. 2014. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking, 5th ed. New York: Psychology Press.

David P Gushee. 2013.The Sacredness of Human Life: Why an Ancient Biblical Vision Is Key to the World's Future. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Douglas Groothuis. 2011. Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Faith. Downers Grove: IVP Academic.

Elizabeth Dreyer & James Woods. 2003. Character and the Christian Life. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press

Elizabeth Green. Educating for Critical Thinking in Christian Contexts, dalam Journal of Christian Education, Vol. 51, No. 1 (2008)

Gunawan, I. 2020. Metode penelitian kualitatif: Teori dan praktik. Bumi Aksara.

Henri J.M. Nouwen. 2002. The Life of the Beloved: Spiritual Living in a Secular World. New York: Crossroad.

James W Fowler. 1981. Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning. San Francisco: Harper & Row

James Estep, Michael Anthony, and Gregg Allison. 2008. A Theology for Christian Education. Nashville: B&H Academic.

James E. Loder. 1998. The Logic of the Spirit: Human Development in Theological Perspective. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

John C. Maxwell 2003. There's No Such Thing as "Business" Ethics. New York: Warner Books.

John R.W. Stott. 2012. Menjadi Seperti Kristus: Panggilan Menjadi Murid yang Sejati. Malang: Gandum Mas.

John Stott. 1975. Balanced Christianity. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press.

Imanuel Astika. "Pendidikan Agama Kristen di Era Digital: Antara Tradisi dan Transformasi," Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristen, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2021): 112.

Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, Permendikbud No. 37 Tahun 2018 tentang Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Budi Pekerti.

L. S. Vygotsky. 1978. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Mark A. Maddix et al., 2012. Best Practices of Online Education: A Guide for Christian Higher Education. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.

Michael J. Anthony dan Warren S. Benson, 2003. Exploring the History and Philosophy of Christian Education. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications.

Millard J. Erickson, 2001. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic

Miroslav Volf. 2011. A Public Faith: How Followers of Christ Should Serve the Common Good. Grand Rapids: Brazos Press.

N.T. Wright. 2010. After You Believe: Why Christian Character Matters. New York: HarperOne

Nicholas Wolterstorff. 2008. Justice: Rights and Wrongs. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Noh Ibrahim Boiliu dan Harun Y. Natonis. 2021. Pengantar Pendidikan Agama Kristen. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia

Norman Geisler dan William Nix. 1986. A General Introduction to the Bible. Chicago: Moody Press.

Parker J. Palmer. 1993. To Know as We Are Known: Education as a Spiritual Journey. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco

Peter A. Facione. 2020. Critical Thinking: What It Is and Why It Counts, Insight Assessment

Paulo Freire. 1997. Pedagogy of the Heart. New York: Continuum.

Paulo Freire. 2000. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum.

Richard J. Foster. 1998. Celebration of Discipline: The Path to Spiritual Growth. San Francisco: HarperCollins.

Richard Paul & Linda Elder. 2012. Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your Learning and Your Life. Upper Saddle River: Pearson.

Richard Paul & Linda Elder. 2014. The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools Tomales, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking Press.

Robert Banks. 1999. Reenvisioning Theological Education: Exploring a Missional Alternative to Current Models. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Robert H. Ennis. 1996. Critical Thinking. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Robert H. Ennis, “A Taxonomy of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities,” dalam Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice, ed. Joan B. Baron & Robert J. Sternberg. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1987.

Stephen D. Brookfield. 2012. Teaching for Critical Thinking: Tools and Techniques to Help Students Question Their Assumptions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Stanley J. Grenz. 1997. The Moral Quest: Foundations of Christian Ethics. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press.

Thomas H. Groome. 1980. Christian Religious Education: Sharing Our Story and Vision. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

Thomas H. Groome. 2011. Will There Be Faith? A New Vision for Educating and Growing Disciples. New York: HarperOne.

Thomas H. Groome. 1991. Sharing Faith: A Comprehensive Approach to Religious Education and Pastoral Ministry. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco

William Yarchin. 2004. History of Biblical Interpretation. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic.

Yohanis Nurak. 2020. Pendidikan Agama Kristen: Menumbuhkan Iman yang Reflektif dan Kontekstual. Yogyakarta: Deepublish.

Robert J. Nash. 2010. Helping Students Find Purpose: A Meaning-Centered Vision for Holistic Teaching and Learning. New York: Teachers College Press




DOI: https://doi.org/10.46305/im.v6i2.448

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Immanuel: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristen

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Immanuel indexed by:

Immanuel: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristen
Published: Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Sumatera Utara
Website Institusi: stt-su.ac.id
Address: Jl. Sembada No. 32, Titi Rantai, Kec. Medan Baru, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara 20131
ISSN: 2721-432X (online), 2721-6020 (print).